Paralysis In James Joyces Dubliners - 1086 Words

Hopefully this Essay is Slightly More Intelligible than Finnegan’s Wake: Dubliners Essay â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question.† Hamlet’s famous quotation implies only two solutions: to be, or to not be. However, there is another option that Shakespeare never explored: to remain paralyzed between the two states, unable to commit to either. James Joyce’s Dubliners is a collection of short stories first published in 1914, that follows the inhabitants of Ireland. Published nearly a half a century before the Republic of Ireland would be recognized as an independant country, many of Joyce’s short stories in Dubliners explore the theme of Irish paralysis, that Joyce found afflicted both the whole of Ireland and its individual citizens. Many†¦show more content†¦One of the key aspect of modernism was portraying the mundane and average in an honest (and often depressing) light, so it is unlikely Joyce would have made the choice to have a y oung narrator express himself in such an advanced and unusual way. Throughout the story, the narrator seems to have underlying animosity toward the event that took place. At the beginning of the story, the narrator describes how his evenings were spent, â€Å"When we met in the street the houses had grown sombre. The space of sky above us was the colour of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed† (19). Even when describing fun activities, like playing outside with neighbors, the narrator uses negative language. Typically, a memory about a failed childhood crush would be met with a shrug, but the narrator still has feelings of anger toward this event all these years later. This is because this story illustrates what was likely one of the the first instances of paralysis the narrator encountered in his life. The story has value because of the implications it has on the f uture of the narrator. The negative tone of the story reflects how the narrator still feels disgust toward this event many years later because it was the first in aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Male and Female Paralysis in James Joyces Dubliners3585 Words   |  15 PagesMale and Female Paralysis in Dubliners Critics widely recognized that each story within James Joyce’s Dubliners contains a theme of paralysis. In fact, Joyce himself wrote, â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis† (Joyce, letter to Grant Richards, 5 May 1906). Contained in this moral history called Dubliners are twelve stories that deal with the paralysis of a central maleRead MoreAnalysis of The Novel Dubliners by James Joyce Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages In response to his publishers suggested revisions to Dubliners, James Joyce elevated his rhetoric to the nearly Evangelical [and wrote]: I seriously believe that you will retard the course of civilization in Ireland by preventing the Irish people from having one good look in my nicely polished looking-glass1. A pivotal part of this looking-glass is Joyces representation of Dublin, which functions akin to an external unconsciousn ess in that a series of unrelated characters experience similarRead MoreEssay about James Joyces The Dead3163 Words   |  13 PagesJames Joyces The Dead In The Dead, James Joyce lets symbolism flow freely throughout his short story. James Joyce utilizes his main characters and objects in The Dead to impress upon his readers his view of Dublin’s crippled condition. Not only does this apply to just The Dead, Joyce’s symbolic themes also exude from his fourteen other short stories that make up the rest of Joyce’s book, Dubliners, to describe his hometown’s other issues of corruption and death that fuel Dublin’s paralysisRead MoreJames Joyce’s Dubliners Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesJames Joyce’s Dubliners is a collection of short stories that aims to portray middle class life in Dublin, Ireland in the early twentieth century. Most of the stories are written with themes such as entrapment, paralysis, and epiphany, which are central to the flow of the collection of stories as a whole. Characters are usually limited financially, socially, and/or by their environment; they realize near the end of each story that they cannot escape their unfortunate situation in Dublin. These storiesRead MoreA Similar Life Within A Story: Eveline by James Joyce1443 Words   |  6 PagesThe heartache of losing a loved one is indescribable. Many people live out their lives based off how that one person would want them to live. James Joyces short story, Eveline, is an example of how promises are hard to break. As James Joyce writes his stories, his characters and themes share similarities within his own life, giving them more value and much more meaning behind the importance of the story. To begin with, Eveline is the story of a young teenager facing a dilemma where she hasRead MoreAraby and James Joyce1207 Words   |  5 Pageswork of James Joyce. His vocalized ambition of acquainting fellow Irish natives with the true temperament of his homeland is apparent throughout the story. Joyce’s painstakingly precise writing style can be observed throughout â€Å"Araby† as well. Roman Catholicism, which played a heavy role in Joyce’s life, also does so in the story which is another aspect which makes Joyce’s authorship of the story unmistakable. As a result of Irish heritage displayed in â€Å"Araby† along with evidence of Joyce’s unmistakableRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce Essay942 Words   |  4 Pages James Joyce emerged as a radical new narrative writer in modern times. Joyce conveyed this new writing style through his stylistic devices such as the stream of consciousness, and a complex set of mythic parallels and literary parodies. This mythic parallel is called an epiphany. â€Å"The Dead† by Joyce was written as a part of Joyce’s collection called â€Å"The Dubliners†. Joyce’s influence behind writing the short story was all around him. The growing nationalist Irish movement around Dublin, IrelandRead MoreA Look At The Themes Of Home1742 Words   |  7 PagesJuan Linares Mr. Maust English IV AP 11 April 2016 The Wayfarers, A Look at the Themes of Home In James Joyce’s Dubliners In Dubliners, James Joyce explores the objective view of the paralysis that is a city. He believed strongly that Irish society had been paralyzed by two forces, both which he encountered throughout his life. One being England, and all of its social bewilderment, and the other being the Roman Catholic Church. As a result of this torpor the Irish experienced a downfall, economicallyRead More Essay on Character Movement in James Joyces Dubliners3532 Words   |  15 PagesCharacter Movement in Dubliners  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In a letter to his publisher, Grant Richards, concerning his collection of stories called Dubliners, James Joyce wrote: My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis. I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity, and public life. The stories are arranged in this orderRead MoreReflection Of Eveline1135 Words   |  5 PagesEveline In the short story â€Å"Eveline† by James Joyce, talks about a young woman who is around nineteen years of age that deals with a lot in life. As Eveline sits and gazes out the window one evening, she begins to think about her past and how it has been painful to her.   Growing up Eveline didn’t have the best family life. She had an abusive father who would always terrorize the family.   Before Eveline’s mother died, she told Eveline to make sure she watched after her brothers and to keep them safe

How Data and Programs Are Represented in the Computer

How Data and Programs Are Represented in the Computer by: Rob Shepherd CS300 Professor: Fred Kellenberger Contents: 1.Introduction 2.The Parity Bit 3.Machine Language 4.How Computer Capacity is Expressed 5.The Processor, Main Memory, and Registers a. The processor b. Specialized Processor Chips c. CISC, RISC, and MPP d. Main Memory 7.Registers 8.The Machine Cycle 9. References Introduction: This paper is going to take a look at what goes on inside our computers and explain what the components are and how they function. For most people, getting inside a computer is something they would not even think about. Its probably best that most people feel this way. However, for†¦show more content†¦How does the computer know if an error has occurred? Detection is accomplished by use of a parity bit. A parity bit, also called a check bit, is an extra bit attached to the end of a byte for purposes of checking for accuracy. Parity schemes may be even parity or odd parity. In an even-parity scheme, for example, the ASCII letter H (01001000) consists of two 1s. Thus, the ninth bit, the parity bit, would be 0 in order to make an even number of set bits. Likewise, with the letter O (01001111), which has five 1s, the ninth bit would be 1 to make an even number of set bits. The system software in the computer automatically and continually checks the parity scheme for accuracy. Machine Language: Your Brand of Computer’s Very Own Language So far, we have been discussing how data is represented in the computer, for example, via ASCII code in microcomputers. But if data is represented this way in all microcomputers, why won’t word processing software that runs on an Apple Macintosh run (without special arrangements) on an IBM PC? In other words, why are these two microcomputer platforms incompatible? It’s because each hardware platform, or processor model family, has a unique machine language. Machine language is a binary programming language that the computer can run directly. To most people an instruction written in machineShow MoreRelatedCompter Science Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Exam Review Most programming languages are now presented within an ____. Integrated Development Environment A high-level language program is called a(n) ____ program. Source Programming statements in a low-level language will be close to natural language and will use standard mathematical notation. False After we normalize a number, its first significant digit is immediately to the left of the binary point. False â€Å"Print the value of product† is an example of a(n) ____ operation Read MoreThe Storage Program Concept Or Stored Program Architecture959 Words   |  4 PagesThe stored program concept or stored program architecture, which is also known as von Neumann architecture, is such a big deal because it is the milestone in general purpose electronic computer development (Sharma, 2015). To elaborate, the stored program concept provides two beneficial functions that modified the design of computers. First, computers would have the ability to signal and store programs and data in the same ROM or RAM (Sharma, 2015). By viewing programs as data and vice versa, theRead MoreApplication of Assembly Language922 Words   |  4 PagesAssembly Language is used when speed and reliability are the overriding factor like small footprint real-time operating systems. 2. By using assembly language, programmers can maximize on speed to a level. It is easy to write than machine code programs. 3. It allows the programmer access to registers or instructions that are not usually provided by a High-level language. 4. The main Application of Assembly Language is for direct hardware manipulation i.e. device drivers. 5. AssemblyRead MoreBasic Principles Of Computer Architecture1569 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Introduction to Computer Architecture This chapter is dedicated to some basic principles of computing which were established almost a century ago, such as the Turing machine. A brief introduction to programming levels as well as their individual properties, pros and cons. Universal Computing device All computers are designed to store data and process it. Although there is a huge variety of computers which all use different hardware and software components the exact same things can be achievedRead MoreDemarcos Systems Analysis Method Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesOutline the structured specification produced by DeMarco’s systems analysis method. What do you think are the main advantages of specifying a computer-based system by means of such a structured specification? How adequately, do you think, does this method deal with the human aspects of information systems changes? According to DeMarco’s structured analysis, it is a study of a problem leading to the specification of a new system prior to implementation of that system. DeMarcoRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence964 Words   |  4 Pagesdangers and fully utilize it for global benefit. Artificial intelligence is the future. This is a fact. Since 2015, with the invention of deep learning methods, we, as a civilization are moving towards true AI. Artificial intelligence, depending on how its harnessed, could be a blessing, a curse, or both. On the upside, Artificial intelligence would allow us to achieve more than ever before. On the downside, however, Artificial intelligence could take away millions of jobs and possibly even developRead MoreRole of Computers in Healthcare1650 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: The Role of Computers in the Health Sector There have been many innovations and inventions since the civilization age and the industrial revolution that took place in the eighteenth century and has continued till present. Some of these inventions were harmful to humanity and represented violence while others have been of tremendous help to society. Some of these are cars, airplanes, ships among others but the one I want to discuss its role is the computer. A computer can be defined as a machine  that  performsRead MoreHardware And Software Basics Plug1409 Words   |  6 Pageselements of a computer which is sometimes called the equipment of the computer which consists of the keyboard, disk drives, microprocessor, the monitor, the mouse, the processing unit, and many other physical parts. 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Personally, I like to do a few things on a computer. My most favorite thing to do in a computer is to play a computer games. I choose to play games in a computer due to a few reasons, which are the graphics, availability and portability. Firstly, I choose to play games in my computer for its flawless graphics it displays on the screen, especially the recently released games. Personally, computer has the ability to process quite a delightful

The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Free Essays

Numerous things went into the development of the New England and Chesapeake regions. Though both of these societies came from the same background, England, these different groups of people yielded a different way to live. Basic needs and idealistic concepts were two reasons that differentiated New England from the Chesapeake region. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basic needs included anything from food to shelter to education. The new pioneers had enormously varying ideas that they wished to accomplish in the New World. Such ideas involved religious concepts and governmental leadership. Thirdly, why did people come to America? The variation as to why people decided to come to America, was one reason that New England and the Chesapeake region evolved into two distinct communities. The two groups had very different views as to what they wished to accomplish. Documents B and C show a random sample of the sort of people that came to America. Emigrants who arrived in New England were mostly families with several children and their servants. The original people of New England were searching for a quiet place to call home, where they could raise their family apart from religious bias. On the other hand those who were bound for Virginia, mostly single young men, were in search of fortune. In contrast, only a few of these gold seekers were accompanied by family members, and probably knew very few of the other lads joining them on their quest. The men of the Chesapeake region had one basic mindset, and they were intent on finding wealth. This greed led to their own misfortune. In the History of Virginia, even before the settlers departed from England, the idea of the rich versus the poor had developed. There were those who had money and other such things, and those who did not. Those who did not became bitter from the hard trip and jealous of those slight few who struck gold in the New World. As stated by Captain Smith, â€Å"golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses. † Many of these men referred to as â€Å"slaves† consumed with greed, forgot to take care of their basic needs, food and shelter, therefore many simply died. Both New England and the Chesapeake region realized they had to work together in order to survive and hopefully thrive in the future, but only New England established this at first. On Winthrop†s journey to America he stated in his own words, â€Å"we must be knit together in this work as one man. † He made a point in saying the only way to survive is to support each other. Well, one way to create a community is to find common ground for which the new settlers can relate, in this case they found it in their children. Most of the citizens of New England had children, that is supported by Document B. With a large amount of children, logically there was a need for education. Thus education brought upon the building of schools, which in turn, made the newly founded society work together. Winthrop†s idealization of the unity of society stated that all must rejoice, mourn, labor and suffer together. He created unity among the people. Virginia had no such luck in finding this common ground and unity. They were too busy searching for gold. The Puritans did not consume their time worrying about money as did the Virginians. Their main focus was on setting up a society where they were free from persecution. John Winthrop, a future governor of Massachusetts, wished to establish a religious community in the New World. The Puritan ambition had been to establish an ideal Christian community, a â€Å"city on a hill,† as Winthrop called it, with the eyes of England and the entire world on it. Pride alone, as to not fail, may had been the reason for success. Also government played a huge part in the success of the northern colonies. Almost immediately after arriving in New England, a government was set up. This government was led by the church. The Articles of Agreement set up certain orders that were to be followed. Such orders were to procure a minister that followed all the ways of Christ. Document D suggested that the town of Springfield, Massachusetts, be composed of forty families rich and poor. Unlike the Chesapeake region, Springfield allotted every inhabitant land on which a house could be built, but more importantly, land for planting. Their government has evolved into our democratic government of the present. Although New England and the Chesapeake region had differences, neither society perished. Virginia thrived on wealth and materialistic items, you either had it or you did not. While in the background New England raised their young, trying to teach strong values and pass on their ideas of a better way of living. These first attempts at colonization, laid the foundation of society today. How to cite The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions, Papers The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Free Essays Numerous things went into the development of the New England and Chesapeake regions. Though both of these societies came from the same background, England, these different groups of people yielded a different way to live. Basic needs and idealistic concepts were two reasons that differentiated New England from the Chesapeake region. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basic needs included anything from food to shelter to education. The new pioneers had enormously varying ideas that they wished to accomplish in the New World. Such ideas involved religious concepts and governmental leadership. Thirdly, why did people come to America? The variation as to why people decided to come to America, was one reason that New England and the Chesapeake region evolved into two distinct communities. The two groups had very different views as to what they wished to accomplish. Documents B and C show a random sample of the sort of people that came to America. Emigrants who arrived in New England were mostly families with several children and their servants. The original people of New England were searching for a quiet place to call home, where they could raise their family apart from religious bias. On the other hand those who were bound for Virginia, mostly single young men, were in search of fortune. In contrast, only a few of these gold seekers were accompanied by family members, and probably knew very few of the other lads joining them on their quest. The men of the Chesapeake region had one basic mindset, and they were intent on finding wealth. This greed led to their own misfortune. In the History of Virginia, even before the settlers departed from England, the idea of the rich versus the poor had developed. There were those who had money and other such things, and those who did not. Those who did not became bitter from the hard trip and jealous of those slight few who struck gold in the New World. As stated by Captain Smith, â€Å"golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses. † Many of these men referred to as â€Å"slaves† consumed with greed, forgot to take care of their basic needs, food and shelter, therefore many simply died. Both New England and the Chesapeake region realized they had to work together in order to survive and hopefully thrive in the future, but only New England established this at first. On Winthrop†s journey to America he stated in his own words, â€Å"we must be knit together in this work as one man. † He made a point in saying the only way to survive is to support each other. Well, one way to create a community is to find common ground for which the new settlers can relate, in this case they found it in their children. Most of the citizens of New England had children, that is supported by Document B. With a large amount of children, logically there was a need for education. Thus education brought upon the building of schools, which in turn, made the newly founded society work together. Winthrop†s idealization of the unity of society stated that all must rejoice, mourn, labor and suffer together. He created unity among the people. Virginia had no such luck in finding this common ground and unity. They were too busy searching for gold. The Puritans did not consume their time worrying about money as did the Virginians. Their main focus was on setting up a society where they were free from persecution. John Winthrop, a future governor of Massachusetts, wished to establish a religious community in the New World. The Puritan ambition had been to establish an ideal Christian community, a â€Å"city on a hill,† as Winthrop called it, with the eyes of England and the entire world on it. Pride alone, as to not fail, may had been the reason for success. Also government played a huge part in the success of the northern colonies. Almost immediately after arriving in New England, a government was set up. This government was led by the church. The Articles of Agreement set up certain orders that were to be followed. Such orders were to procure a minister that followed all the ways of Christ. Document D suggested that the town of Springfield, Massachusetts, be composed of forty families rich and poor. Unlike the Chesapeake region, Springfield allotted every inhabitant land on which a house could be built, but more importantly, land for planting. Their government has evolved into our democratic government of the present. Although New England and the Chesapeake region had differences, neither society perished. Virginia thrived on wealth and materialistic items, you either had it or you did not. While in the background New England raised their young, trying to teach strong values and pass on their ideas of a better way of living. These first attempts at colonization, laid the foundation of society today. How to cite The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions, Papers

British Journal Of Industrial Relations †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The British Journal Of Industrial Relations? Answer: Introducation When a person offers services or performs a certain type of work under conditions and is in turn compensated, a legal link between him and his employer is created and is called the employment relationship. It is through the business relationship, that complementary rights and commitments are made between the employer and employee(Baudrillard, 1981). It becomes the primary vehicle through which employees access the rights and advantages related to employment in the zones of labor law and social securities. It also determines the nature and degree of employers rights and obligations towards their employees. In most firms, the employment relationship and agreements are often determined by the employer rather than having both parties bargain and agreeing to terms(Baudrillard, 1981). Most employers uses the take it or leave it concept leaving employees with no choice than to abide by these agreements even though they are not good for them. This leads to the hierarchical type of employment relations. However, the government of a country sets rules that govern against employment discrimination, retirement benefit plans and the healthcare and safety of employees which a firm has to comply with if not, may lead to dire consequences(Baudrillard, 1981). On 2nd of October 2000, the Employees Relation Act 2000 was enacted, which was later review and amended on 1st of April 2016. The main objective of this act is to ensure that good employment relationship are built and maintained through the advancement of good faith in all aspects of the work environment and that of the business relationship(Clegg, 1975). It promotes the effective requirement of work norms specifically by giving enforcement power to labor inspectors and the authority. It also promotes recognition in New Zealand of the standard basic international Labor Organization Convention 87 on freedom of association and convention 98 on the Right to organize and bargain collectively. Rights And Responsibilities: Individual Bargaining And Good Faith. All workers, whether full-time, part-time, fixed-term or casual are entitled to a duplicate of their employment agreement in writing, which must state all the terms and conditions which are at any rate comparable to the rights in the law. These ters should ensure the employee's safety at work and protection against work bullying or harassment(Blyton, 1994). It also ensures that the employee works in good faith. It is the employees responsibility to abide by all rules and regulations set by the employer. The employee also has to act reasonably and relate with each other in good faith. For example, once the employee has agreed to work for the firm, they should dedicate their effort and time, and use their skills in ensuring that work assigned to them is done effectively. The employee is also entitled to compensation and remuneration for the work done and services offered. The employee also has right to refuse to perform certain work(Fox, 1974). For example, an employee is asked to come into work on his free or leave days or asked to work extra hours, he is entitled to refuse to work should it be an inconvenience to him. The staff member at Steel Engineering may also refuse to work if the services he is required to offer can cause him harm health wise. This is according to section 67E of the Employment Relations Amendment Act 2016 (no.9)(Baudrillard, 1981). The employer is required to not treat the worker adversely, e.g. by, forcing the employee to retire or resign or unlawfully dismissing the employee. An employer who fails to follow this rule may be subjected to consequences by the law. Employers responsibilities on non-union employees An employee has a freedom of becoming a member of a union or not. If a member, the employer is required to release the employee to attend at least 1 union meeting. An employer is required to inform the workman of all the collective agreements and work he will cover(Dunlop, 1958). The employer is also required to inform the employee that he can join a party to the collective agreement or how to contact a union. And should the employee join one, he is to be informed he is bound to the employer by the collective agreement. The employer should also present the employee with the collective agreement and that all work should not go against subsection (2) of the employment relationship in accordance with the collective agreement. The general manager at Steel should inform and explain to James Smith about all this. He should also discuss with James what is required of him according to the Individual Employment Agreement. Section 62(1) states that an employer is required to comply, failure to which, may draw penalties by the authorities. James should also enquire about unions and ensure that he understands the agreements before signing them. Good faith Employer and employees should have an open and honest relationship. They should maintain a good and productive relationship and ensure communication and interactions between them are constructive(J, 1978). This is called good faith. Not only does it ensure good relations between employer and employee, but also between a union and its members. Section 4(1) states that parties must deal with each other in good faith. Confidentiality must be maintained between these parties and no party should mislead or be deceitful to the other. For example, employees at Steel are required to maintain order in the workplace and should there be a problem, they should approach the manager in a mature way and solve those issues instead of participating in strikes. The employers at Steel should also be mindful of their employees while making decisions that may affect them, for example, liquidation of the firm. Employers good faith Section 60 states that employees should be given adequate information on terms and conditions to be met while working at a firm. They should not be pressured into signing an agreement before having understood the agreements well. Good faith behavior is required. Under section 68, a party should not be subjected to unfair bargaining(Baudrillard, 1981). The employee is also entitled to challenge the bargain on grounds that it is unfair. Section 69 also states that an employee has the freedom to request a variation in his working arrangements. Hemi Wingate has a right to challenge the bargain offered to him by the general manager. By giving him an ultimatum, the manager has not acted in good faith, given that he pressured Hemi to sign the agreement. Hemi has a right to petition and challenge this in court through the labor inspector, and should the manager be found guilty of not adhering to good faith, he may suffer dire consequences(Baudrillard, 1981). Hemi also has a choice of resigni ng his job should he feel that he is not rightfully catered for. Types of employment agreements There are two main types of employment agreements(Fox, 1974). I.e., the individual employment agreement and the collective employment agreement. In individual employment agreement, negotiations between the employer and employee take place and they discuss the terms and conditions of the employment. These agreements should be in writing and before the employee signs the agreement, he should review it thoroughly and if there are changes he would want, notify the employer as soon as possible and try to negotiate it. Both parties should sign the agreement and each should have a copy of the agreement. This agreement is between the employer and employee even if it matches with a collective agreement of a union party. The collective employment agreement, on the other hand, is negotiable by unions that are registered and employers. Employees covered by these unions by collective coverage clauses must be on collective agreement with the union(Blyton, 1994). These unions aim at maintaining ace of a good productive relationship between the parties and negotiate with the employer on behalf of the employee. Employees may also be employed a casual, part-time or full-time worker, or under fixed term depending on work they perform or services offered. Steel Eng. Ltd. Aims at employing new employees. The general manager should decide what type of services he requires to ensure that they hire the best candidate. The following are some of the candidates and type of employment agreement that most appropriate for them; John Samson Collective Employment Agreement Range Walker Part-Time Employment Brendan Talbot Full Time Melanie Wheeler Fixed Term Conrad Abraham - Casual Types of contract Under section 4(1), it was not right for the general manager to change Lesters IEA to casual laborers without consulting with him. This is against good faith of employment relationship(Beardwell, 1994). Should the manager wish to change Lesters employment agreement, he should have consulted him and negotiate the bargain with him till they come to an agreement. Lester, in this case, is entitled to challenge his changeover to casual, however, he may not deem it necessary since his pay is still the same as in IEA. The general manager should know that Lester is not a casual laborer since he works 45 hours in a week and offers his services regularly. Contract employment agreement According to section 66, an employer and employee may agree to end employment at a specific date(Baudrillard, 1981). By hiring two more workers to assist in the completion of a contract, Steel Ltd. Has entered in a fixed-term employment. The completion of services to be offered also means the end of this contract between Steel Ltd and the two employees. Once the task is through and the worker still works for Steel Ltd, this will not be covered under Fixed Term Employment and they are required to enter into another contract in order to work for Steel legally. Probation clause and 90 day trial For an employee to be placed on probation, this must be captured in writing during employment. Section67(1) states that the employee should not be dismissed unlawfully and that they are dismissed at the end of probation period. The manager should not have dismissed Maddie before her probation period was over even though Maddies performance does not meet the expectations. However, section 67A states that an employer may dismiss an employee under the trial period for 90 days if the not satisfied with employees work, may dismiss them at any time during the trial period. This should be in writing(Abbott, 2006). 90 days trial The employment relation amendment act 2008, section 6 and 7 provide that an employee can specify a 90 day or less period within which the employer has rights to dismiss the employee due to lack of work satisfaction. Due to dismissal, the employee cannot challenge this decision and present his grievances to the employer unless specific exceptions like breastfeeding that comply to a superannuation fund. Should the manager decide to terminate Shirley Anderson, no legal action can be taken against him. This trial period should also be in written form, as an employee agreement, Section 67A Employment contract agreement EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT This employment contract dated 2 October 2017 Between Steel engineering limited (employer) And Justin Thyme (employee) Job title: design engineering Minimum work hours: 45 hours a week Background The employer believes that the employee has required skills and experience to benefit the business. The employee will commence permanent full-time employment with the employer on 2nd cot 2017. The employee agrees to dedicate his time and skills to the firm and perform his duties truthfully The employee shall receive an annual salary of 92000$ payable in monthly installments and is entitled to annual leave on top of the holidays as stated by the holiday act. He is also entitled to a car and a cellphone which he shall use for business purposes. He is entitled to the access of design information, which is sensitive information and must be handled with care. Expose of this information will lead to severe consequences. His duties are; inquire about (utilizing scientific demonstrating to work through new improvements and developments) configuration (transforming research thoughts into specialized plans for models utilizing PC helped outline (CAD) and PC helped designing (CAE) programming) testing (gathering and investigating information from model testing) adjusting outlines (in front of make or establishment) Under age employment agreement The employer should always have a record of all employees details, including payment. Details like employees name, age and employment date should be included(Abbott, 2006). The number of hours an employee works should determine the amount that they are pays. Section 130(1) requires every employer to comply and be open about employees payment. Good faith has been breached when the manager decided to pay Jayne little money for being a minor. The wages Act has also been breached. Starting Wage 12.60*45=567 Adult minimum wage 15.25*45=686.25 686.25-567=119.25 Banning of zero-hour contract Zero-hour contract is where an employer and employee enter into a contract that states that the employer is not obliged to have minimum working hours and the employee can refuse work offered. New Zealand parliament passed the bill that prohibits employers and employees from participating in zero hour contracts. The bill states that every employee should have a minimum working hour each week and workers can refuse extra hours(Baudrillard, 1981). New Zealands Wages act stipulates that the minimum wages for an adult should be 15.75$ per hour. If Enus wife picked 350 bins for over four weeks that means she picks 350/4=87.5 in one week. Her pay for one week was 87.5*5=437.5. The law states that at least in a week and adult should earn 5*126=630 This means she is earning less than the law states. Should a worker wok on holiday, the employer is required to pay them that days pay. The employee should be paid on a daily basis every day that he works during the holidays, Holidays Act 2003. Enus daily relevant pay is 192$ per day. If he decided to come during the holiday, he will be compensated 25$*8hr = 200$ This amount is more than what he earns on a daily basis. SEL should encourage Enu to work on holidays since it will benefit him. If Enu works on holiday without agreeing, he is entitled to an alternative holiday and SEL is obligated to pay him for working on that day. Enu also can exchange his alternative holiday with payment instead of going on a holiday. Employees duties and responsibilities Employees are granted a sick leave of 5 days which are paid sick leaves a year after working in a firm for at least 6 months. Sick leave accumulation can only add to a maximum of 20 days and an employer and employee must discuss this prior this period. Once Susie uses up her 5-day sick leave, with no evidence of sickness, the manager can dismiss her. James being a full-time worker should earn at least ((40*24) *4) *12=46080$ per annum. By receiving 52000$ per annum, that means his leave Bonus was also included while calculating his annual pay. Getting an extra 1920$ indicates he earns more than he rightfully should. Employees and workers should know their rights and responsibilities(Baudrillard, 1981). These terms and conditions should be applied in every workforce to ensure that jobs are done effectively and efficiently without the harassing of one party. Employers should treat employees as important because without them no jobs can be done. Once a collective agreement is due to roll over, unions and employers should decide on what actions to be undertaken. If they do not come to an agreement, various methods like meditation are utilized to ensure no conflicts arise. Both parties must agree to mediation services as provided in Section 144. They should be presented to authority to determine how both parties will share costs. Collective bargains also bind these two parties together. Conclusion Employees in new Zealand are covered by the Employees Relation Law (ERA). ERA covers everyone that offers services and is compensated as a result. However, independent contractors are not covered by ERA(Dessler, (1997)). The duties of an employee include; ensuring a safe work place, paying of workers, taking responsibilities of employees workers and not discriminating them while employees are required to obey the employers instructions, work effectively and efficiently(Clegg, 1975). This ensures that both employer and employee achieve goals set for the firm. References Abbott, K. (2006). A Review of Employment Relations Theories and their Application. Problems and Perspectives in Management (open, 4 (1). Baudrillard, J. (1981). For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign, Telos Press, St. Louis. Mo. Beardwell, I. . (1994). Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Perspective. London: Pitman. Blyton, P. . 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