Paralysis In James Joyces Dubliners - 1086 Words

Hopefully this Essay is Slightly More Intelligible than Finnegan’s Wake: Dubliners Essay â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question.† Hamlet’s famous quotation implies only two solutions: to be, or to not be. However, there is another option that Shakespeare never explored: to remain paralyzed between the two states, unable to commit to either. James Joyce’s Dubliners is a collection of short stories first published in 1914, that follows the inhabitants of Ireland. Published nearly a half a century before the Republic of Ireland would be recognized as an independant country, many of Joyce’s short stories in Dubliners explore the theme of Irish paralysis, that Joyce found afflicted both the whole of Ireland and its individual citizens. Many†¦show more content†¦One of the key aspect of modernism was portraying the mundane and average in an honest (and often depressing) light, so it is unlikely Joyce would have made the choice to have a y oung narrator express himself in such an advanced and unusual way. Throughout the story, the narrator seems to have underlying animosity toward the event that took place. At the beginning of the story, the narrator describes how his evenings were spent, â€Å"When we met in the street the houses had grown sombre. The space of sky above us was the colour of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed† (19). Even when describing fun activities, like playing outside with neighbors, the narrator uses negative language. Typically, a memory about a failed childhood crush would be met with a shrug, but the narrator still has feelings of anger toward this event all these years later. This is because this story illustrates what was likely one of the the first instances of paralysis the narrator encountered in his life. The story has value because of the implications it has on the f uture of the narrator. The negative tone of the story reflects how the narrator still feels disgust toward this event many years later because it was the first in aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Male and Female Paralysis in James Joyces Dubliners3585 Words   |  15 PagesMale and Female Paralysis in Dubliners Critics widely recognized that each story within James Joyce’s Dubliners contains a theme of paralysis. In fact, Joyce himself wrote, â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis† (Joyce, letter to Grant Richards, 5 May 1906). Contained in this moral history called Dubliners are twelve stories that deal with the paralysis of a central maleRead MoreAnalysis of The Novel Dubliners by James Joyce Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages In response to his publishers suggested revisions to Dubliners, James Joyce elevated his rhetoric to the nearly Evangelical [and wrote]: I seriously believe that you will retard the course of civilization in Ireland by preventing the Irish people from having one good look in my nicely polished looking-glass1. A pivotal part of this looking-glass is Joyces representation of Dublin, which functions akin to an external unconsciousn ess in that a series of unrelated characters experience similarRead MoreEssay about James Joyces The Dead3163 Words   |  13 PagesJames Joyces The Dead In The Dead, James Joyce lets symbolism flow freely throughout his short story. James Joyce utilizes his main characters and objects in The Dead to impress upon his readers his view of Dublin’s crippled condition. Not only does this apply to just The Dead, Joyce’s symbolic themes also exude from his fourteen other short stories that make up the rest of Joyce’s book, Dubliners, to describe his hometown’s other issues of corruption and death that fuel Dublin’s paralysisRead MoreJames Joyce’s Dubliners Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesJames Joyce’s Dubliners is a collection of short stories that aims to portray middle class life in Dublin, Ireland in the early twentieth century. Most of the stories are written with themes such as entrapment, paralysis, and epiphany, which are central to the flow of the collection of stories as a whole. Characters are usually limited financially, socially, and/or by their environment; they realize near the end of each story that they cannot escape their unfortunate situation in Dublin. These storiesRead MoreA Similar Life Within A Story: Eveline by James Joyce1443 Words   |  6 PagesThe heartache of losing a loved one is indescribable. Many people live out their lives based off how that one person would want them to live. James Joyces short story, Eveline, is an example of how promises are hard to break. As James Joyce writes his stories, his characters and themes share similarities within his own life, giving them more value and much more meaning behind the importance of the story. To begin with, Eveline is the story of a young teenager facing a dilemma where she hasRead MoreAraby and James Joyce1207 Words   |  5 Pageswork of James Joyce. His vocalized ambition of acquainting fellow Irish natives with the true temperament of his homeland is apparent throughout the story. Joyce’s painstakingly precise writing style can be observed throughout â€Å"Araby† as well. Roman Catholicism, which played a heavy role in Joyce’s life, also does so in the story which is another aspect which makes Joyce’s authorship of the story unmistakable. As a result of Irish heritage displayed in â€Å"Araby† along with evidence of Joyce’s unmistakableRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce Essay942 Words   |  4 Pages James Joyce emerged as a radical new narrative writer in modern times. Joyce conveyed this new writing style through his stylistic devices such as the stream of consciousness, and a complex set of mythic parallels and literary parodies. This mythic parallel is called an epiphany. â€Å"The Dead† by Joyce was written as a part of Joyce’s collection called â€Å"The Dubliners†. Joyce’s influence behind writing the short story was all around him. The growing nationalist Irish movement around Dublin, IrelandRead MoreA Look At The Themes Of Home1742 Words   |  7 PagesJuan Linares Mr. Maust English IV AP 11 April 2016 The Wayfarers, A Look at the Themes of Home In James Joyce’s Dubliners In Dubliners, James Joyce explores the objective view of the paralysis that is a city. He believed strongly that Irish society had been paralyzed by two forces, both which he encountered throughout his life. One being England, and all of its social bewilderment, and the other being the Roman Catholic Church. As a result of this torpor the Irish experienced a downfall, economicallyRead More Essay on Character Movement in James Joyces Dubliners3532 Words   |  15 PagesCharacter Movement in Dubliners  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In a letter to his publisher, Grant Richards, concerning his collection of stories called Dubliners, James Joyce wrote: My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis. I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity, and public life. The stories are arranged in this orderRead MoreReflection Of Eveline1135 Words   |  5 PagesEveline In the short story â€Å"Eveline† by James Joyce, talks about a young woman who is around nineteen years of age that deals with a lot in life. As Eveline sits and gazes out the window one evening, she begins to think about her past and how it has been painful to her.   Growing up Eveline didn’t have the best family life. She had an abusive father who would always terrorize the family.   Before Eveline’s mother died, she told Eveline to make sure she watched after her brothers and to keep them safe

How Data and Programs Are Represented in the Computer

How Data and Programs Are Represented in the Computer by: Rob Shepherd CS300 Professor: Fred Kellenberger Contents: 1.Introduction 2.The Parity Bit 3.Machine Language 4.How Computer Capacity is Expressed 5.The Processor, Main Memory, and Registers a. The processor b. Specialized Processor Chips c. CISC, RISC, and MPP d. Main Memory 7.Registers 8.The Machine Cycle 9. References Introduction: This paper is going to take a look at what goes on inside our computers and explain what the components are and how they function. For most people, getting inside a computer is something they would not even think about. Its probably best that most people feel this way. However, for†¦show more content†¦How does the computer know if an error has occurred? Detection is accomplished by use of a parity bit. A parity bit, also called a check bit, is an extra bit attached to the end of a byte for purposes of checking for accuracy. Parity schemes may be even parity or odd parity. In an even-parity scheme, for example, the ASCII letter H (01001000) consists of two 1s. Thus, the ninth bit, the parity bit, would be 0 in order to make an even number of set bits. Likewise, with the letter O (01001111), which has five 1s, the ninth bit would be 1 to make an even number of set bits. The system software in the computer automatically and continually checks the parity scheme for accuracy. Machine Language: Your Brand of Computer’s Very Own Language So far, we have been discussing how data is represented in the computer, for example, via ASCII code in microcomputers. But if data is represented this way in all microcomputers, why won’t word processing software that runs on an Apple Macintosh run (without special arrangements) on an IBM PC? In other words, why are these two microcomputer platforms incompatible? It’s because each hardware platform, or processor model family, has a unique machine language. Machine language is a binary programming language that the computer can run directly. To most people an instruction written in machineShow MoreRelatedCompter Science Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Exam Review Most programming languages are now presented within an ____. Integrated Development Environment A high-level language program is called a(n) ____ program. Source Programming statements in a low-level language will be close to natural language and will use standard mathematical notation. False After we normalize a number, its first significant digit is immediately to the left of the binary point. False â€Å"Print the value of product† is an example of a(n) ____ operation Read MoreThe Storage Program Concept Or Stored Program Architecture959 Words   |  4 PagesThe stored program concept or stored program architecture, which is also known as von Neumann architecture, is such a big deal because it is the milestone in general purpose electronic computer development (Sharma, 2015). To elaborate, the stored program concept provides two beneficial functions that modified the design of computers. First, computers would have the ability to signal and store programs and data in the same ROM or RAM (Sharma, 2015). By viewing programs as data and vice versa, theRead MoreApplication of Assembly Language922 Words   |  4 PagesAssembly Language is used when speed and reliability are the overriding factor like small footprint real-time operating systems. 2. By using assembly language, programmers can maximize on speed to a level. It is easy to write than machine code programs. 3. It allows the programmer access to registers or instructions that are not usually provided by a High-level language. 4. The main Application of Assembly Language is for direct hardware manipulation i.e. device drivers. 5. AssemblyRead MoreBasic Principles Of Computer Architecture1569 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Introduction to Computer Architecture This chapter is dedicated to some basic principles of computing which were established almost a century ago, such as the Turing machine. A brief introduction to programming levels as well as their individual properties, pros and cons. Universal Computing device All computers are designed to store data and process it. Although there is a huge variety of computers which all use different hardware and software components the exact same things can be achievedRead MoreDemarcos Systems Analysis Method Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesOutline the structured specification produced by DeMarco’s systems analysis method. What do you think are the main advantages of specifying a computer-based system by means of such a structured specification? How adequately, do you think, does this method deal with the human aspects of information systems changes? According to DeMarco’s structured analysis, it is a study of a problem leading to the specification of a new system prior to implementation of that system. DeMarcoRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence964 Words   |  4 Pagesdangers and fully utilize it for global benefit. Artificial intelligence is the future. This is a fact. Since 2015, with the invention of deep learning methods, we, as a civilization are moving towards true AI. Artificial intelligence, depending on how its harnessed, could be a blessing, a curse, or both. On the upside, Artificial intelligence would allow us to achieve more than ever before. On the downside, however, Artificial intelligence could take away millions of jobs and possibly even developRead MoreRole of Computers in Healthcare1650 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: The Role of Computers in the Health Sector There have been many innovations and inventions since the civilization age and the industrial revolution that took place in the eighteenth century and has continued till present. Some of these inventions were harmful to humanity and represented violence while others have been of tremendous help to society. Some of these are cars, airplanes, ships among others but the one I want to discuss its role is the computer. A computer can be defined as a machine  that  performsRead MoreHardware And Software Basics Plug1409 Words   |  6 Pageselements of a computer which is sometimes called the equipment of the computer which consists of the keyboard, disk drives, microprocessor, the monitor, the mouse, the processing unit, and many other physical parts. 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Personally, I like to do a few things on a computer. My most favorite thing to do in a computer is to play a computer games. I choose to play games in a computer due to a few reasons, which are the graphics, availability and portability. Firstly, I choose to play games in my computer for its flawless graphics it displays on the screen, especially the recently released games. Personally, computer has the ability to process quite a delightful

The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Free Essays

Numerous things went into the development of the New England and Chesapeake regions. Though both of these societies came from the same background, England, these different groups of people yielded a different way to live. Basic needs and idealistic concepts were two reasons that differentiated New England from the Chesapeake region. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basic needs included anything from food to shelter to education. The new pioneers had enormously varying ideas that they wished to accomplish in the New World. Such ideas involved religious concepts and governmental leadership. Thirdly, why did people come to America? The variation as to why people decided to come to America, was one reason that New England and the Chesapeake region evolved into two distinct communities. The two groups had very different views as to what they wished to accomplish. Documents B and C show a random sample of the sort of people that came to America. Emigrants who arrived in New England were mostly families with several children and their servants. The original people of New England were searching for a quiet place to call home, where they could raise their family apart from religious bias. On the other hand those who were bound for Virginia, mostly single young men, were in search of fortune. In contrast, only a few of these gold seekers were accompanied by family members, and probably knew very few of the other lads joining them on their quest. The men of the Chesapeake region had one basic mindset, and they were intent on finding wealth. This greed led to their own misfortune. In the History of Virginia, even before the settlers departed from England, the idea of the rich versus the poor had developed. There were those who had money and other such things, and those who did not. Those who did not became bitter from the hard trip and jealous of those slight few who struck gold in the New World. As stated by Captain Smith, â€Å"golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses. † Many of these men referred to as â€Å"slaves† consumed with greed, forgot to take care of their basic needs, food and shelter, therefore many simply died. Both New England and the Chesapeake region realized they had to work together in order to survive and hopefully thrive in the future, but only New England established this at first. On Winthrop†s journey to America he stated in his own words, â€Å"we must be knit together in this work as one man. † He made a point in saying the only way to survive is to support each other. Well, one way to create a community is to find common ground for which the new settlers can relate, in this case they found it in their children. Most of the citizens of New England had children, that is supported by Document B. With a large amount of children, logically there was a need for education. Thus education brought upon the building of schools, which in turn, made the newly founded society work together. Winthrop†s idealization of the unity of society stated that all must rejoice, mourn, labor and suffer together. He created unity among the people. Virginia had no such luck in finding this common ground and unity. They were too busy searching for gold. The Puritans did not consume their time worrying about money as did the Virginians. Their main focus was on setting up a society where they were free from persecution. John Winthrop, a future governor of Massachusetts, wished to establish a religious community in the New World. The Puritan ambition had been to establish an ideal Christian community, a â€Å"city on a hill,† as Winthrop called it, with the eyes of England and the entire world on it. Pride alone, as to not fail, may had been the reason for success. Also government played a huge part in the success of the northern colonies. Almost immediately after arriving in New England, a government was set up. This government was led by the church. The Articles of Agreement set up certain orders that were to be followed. Such orders were to procure a minister that followed all the ways of Christ. Document D suggested that the town of Springfield, Massachusetts, be composed of forty families rich and poor. Unlike the Chesapeake region, Springfield allotted every inhabitant land on which a house could be built, but more importantly, land for planting. Their government has evolved into our democratic government of the present. Although New England and the Chesapeake region had differences, neither society perished. Virginia thrived on wealth and materialistic items, you either had it or you did not. While in the background New England raised their young, trying to teach strong values and pass on their ideas of a better way of living. These first attempts at colonization, laid the foundation of society today. How to cite The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions, Papers The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Free Essays Numerous things went into the development of the New England and Chesapeake regions. Though both of these societies came from the same background, England, these different groups of people yielded a different way to live. Basic needs and idealistic concepts were two reasons that differentiated New England from the Chesapeake region. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basic needs included anything from food to shelter to education. The new pioneers had enormously varying ideas that they wished to accomplish in the New World. Such ideas involved religious concepts and governmental leadership. Thirdly, why did people come to America? The variation as to why people decided to come to America, was one reason that New England and the Chesapeake region evolved into two distinct communities. The two groups had very different views as to what they wished to accomplish. Documents B and C show a random sample of the sort of people that came to America. Emigrants who arrived in New England were mostly families with several children and their servants. The original people of New England were searching for a quiet place to call home, where they could raise their family apart from religious bias. On the other hand those who were bound for Virginia, mostly single young men, were in search of fortune. In contrast, only a few of these gold seekers were accompanied by family members, and probably knew very few of the other lads joining them on their quest. The men of the Chesapeake region had one basic mindset, and they were intent on finding wealth. This greed led to their own misfortune. In the History of Virginia, even before the settlers departed from England, the idea of the rich versus the poor had developed. There were those who had money and other such things, and those who did not. Those who did not became bitter from the hard trip and jealous of those slight few who struck gold in the New World. As stated by Captain Smith, â€Å"golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses. † Many of these men referred to as â€Å"slaves† consumed with greed, forgot to take care of their basic needs, food and shelter, therefore many simply died. Both New England and the Chesapeake region realized they had to work together in order to survive and hopefully thrive in the future, but only New England established this at first. On Winthrop†s journey to America he stated in his own words, â€Å"we must be knit together in this work as one man. † He made a point in saying the only way to survive is to support each other. Well, one way to create a community is to find common ground for which the new settlers can relate, in this case they found it in their children. Most of the citizens of New England had children, that is supported by Document B. With a large amount of children, logically there was a need for education. Thus education brought upon the building of schools, which in turn, made the newly founded society work together. Winthrop†s idealization of the unity of society stated that all must rejoice, mourn, labor and suffer together. He created unity among the people. Virginia had no such luck in finding this common ground and unity. They were too busy searching for gold. The Puritans did not consume their time worrying about money as did the Virginians. Their main focus was on setting up a society where they were free from persecution. John Winthrop, a future governor of Massachusetts, wished to establish a religious community in the New World. The Puritan ambition had been to establish an ideal Christian community, a â€Å"city on a hill,† as Winthrop called it, with the eyes of England and the entire world on it. Pride alone, as to not fail, may had been the reason for success. Also government played a huge part in the success of the northern colonies. Almost immediately after arriving in New England, a government was set up. This government was led by the church. The Articles of Agreement set up certain orders that were to be followed. Such orders were to procure a minister that followed all the ways of Christ. Document D suggested that the town of Springfield, Massachusetts, be composed of forty families rich and poor. Unlike the Chesapeake region, Springfield allotted every inhabitant land on which a house could be built, but more importantly, land for planting. Their government has evolved into our democratic government of the present. Although New England and the Chesapeake region had differences, neither society perished. Virginia thrived on wealth and materialistic items, you either had it or you did not. While in the background New England raised their young, trying to teach strong values and pass on their ideas of a better way of living. These first attempts at colonization, laid the foundation of society today. How to cite The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions, Papers

British Journal Of Industrial Relations †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The British Journal Of Industrial Relations? Answer: Introducation When a person offers services or performs a certain type of work under conditions and is in turn compensated, a legal link between him and his employer is created and is called the employment relationship. It is through the business relationship, that complementary rights and commitments are made between the employer and employee(Baudrillard, 1981). It becomes the primary vehicle through which employees access the rights and advantages related to employment in the zones of labor law and social securities. It also determines the nature and degree of employers rights and obligations towards their employees. In most firms, the employment relationship and agreements are often determined by the employer rather than having both parties bargain and agreeing to terms(Baudrillard, 1981). Most employers uses the take it or leave it concept leaving employees with no choice than to abide by these agreements even though they are not good for them. This leads to the hierarchical type of employment relations. However, the government of a country sets rules that govern against employment discrimination, retirement benefit plans and the healthcare and safety of employees which a firm has to comply with if not, may lead to dire consequences(Baudrillard, 1981). On 2nd of October 2000, the Employees Relation Act 2000 was enacted, which was later review and amended on 1st of April 2016. The main objective of this act is to ensure that good employment relationship are built and maintained through the advancement of good faith in all aspects of the work environment and that of the business relationship(Clegg, 1975). It promotes the effective requirement of work norms specifically by giving enforcement power to labor inspectors and the authority. It also promotes recognition in New Zealand of the standard basic international Labor Organization Convention 87 on freedom of association and convention 98 on the Right to organize and bargain collectively. Rights And Responsibilities: Individual Bargaining And Good Faith. All workers, whether full-time, part-time, fixed-term or casual are entitled to a duplicate of their employment agreement in writing, which must state all the terms and conditions which are at any rate comparable to the rights in the law. These ters should ensure the employee's safety at work and protection against work bullying or harassment(Blyton, 1994). It also ensures that the employee works in good faith. It is the employees responsibility to abide by all rules and regulations set by the employer. The employee also has to act reasonably and relate with each other in good faith. For example, once the employee has agreed to work for the firm, they should dedicate their effort and time, and use their skills in ensuring that work assigned to them is done effectively. The employee is also entitled to compensation and remuneration for the work done and services offered. The employee also has right to refuse to perform certain work(Fox, 1974). For example, an employee is asked to come into work on his free or leave days or asked to work extra hours, he is entitled to refuse to work should it be an inconvenience to him. The staff member at Steel Engineering may also refuse to work if the services he is required to offer can cause him harm health wise. This is according to section 67E of the Employment Relations Amendment Act 2016 (no.9)(Baudrillard, 1981). The employer is required to not treat the worker adversely, e.g. by, forcing the employee to retire or resign or unlawfully dismissing the employee. An employer who fails to follow this rule may be subjected to consequences by the law. Employers responsibilities on non-union employees An employee has a freedom of becoming a member of a union or not. If a member, the employer is required to release the employee to attend at least 1 union meeting. An employer is required to inform the workman of all the collective agreements and work he will cover(Dunlop, 1958). The employer is also required to inform the employee that he can join a party to the collective agreement or how to contact a union. And should the employee join one, he is to be informed he is bound to the employer by the collective agreement. The employer should also present the employee with the collective agreement and that all work should not go against subsection (2) of the employment relationship in accordance with the collective agreement. The general manager at Steel should inform and explain to James Smith about all this. He should also discuss with James what is required of him according to the Individual Employment Agreement. Section 62(1) states that an employer is required to comply, failure to which, may draw penalties by the authorities. James should also enquire about unions and ensure that he understands the agreements before signing them. Good faith Employer and employees should have an open and honest relationship. They should maintain a good and productive relationship and ensure communication and interactions between them are constructive(J, 1978). This is called good faith. Not only does it ensure good relations between employer and employee, but also between a union and its members. Section 4(1) states that parties must deal with each other in good faith. Confidentiality must be maintained between these parties and no party should mislead or be deceitful to the other. For example, employees at Steel are required to maintain order in the workplace and should there be a problem, they should approach the manager in a mature way and solve those issues instead of participating in strikes. The employers at Steel should also be mindful of their employees while making decisions that may affect them, for example, liquidation of the firm. Employers good faith Section 60 states that employees should be given adequate information on terms and conditions to be met while working at a firm. They should not be pressured into signing an agreement before having understood the agreements well. Good faith behavior is required. Under section 68, a party should not be subjected to unfair bargaining(Baudrillard, 1981). The employee is also entitled to challenge the bargain on grounds that it is unfair. Section 69 also states that an employee has the freedom to request a variation in his working arrangements. Hemi Wingate has a right to challenge the bargain offered to him by the general manager. By giving him an ultimatum, the manager has not acted in good faith, given that he pressured Hemi to sign the agreement. Hemi has a right to petition and challenge this in court through the labor inspector, and should the manager be found guilty of not adhering to good faith, he may suffer dire consequences(Baudrillard, 1981). Hemi also has a choice of resigni ng his job should he feel that he is not rightfully catered for. Types of employment agreements There are two main types of employment agreements(Fox, 1974). I.e., the individual employment agreement and the collective employment agreement. In individual employment agreement, negotiations between the employer and employee take place and they discuss the terms and conditions of the employment. These agreements should be in writing and before the employee signs the agreement, he should review it thoroughly and if there are changes he would want, notify the employer as soon as possible and try to negotiate it. Both parties should sign the agreement and each should have a copy of the agreement. This agreement is between the employer and employee even if it matches with a collective agreement of a union party. The collective employment agreement, on the other hand, is negotiable by unions that are registered and employers. Employees covered by these unions by collective coverage clauses must be on collective agreement with the union(Blyton, 1994). These unions aim at maintaining ace of a good productive relationship between the parties and negotiate with the employer on behalf of the employee. Employees may also be employed a casual, part-time or full-time worker, or under fixed term depending on work they perform or services offered. Steel Eng. Ltd. Aims at employing new employees. The general manager should decide what type of services he requires to ensure that they hire the best candidate. The following are some of the candidates and type of employment agreement that most appropriate for them; John Samson Collective Employment Agreement Range Walker Part-Time Employment Brendan Talbot Full Time Melanie Wheeler Fixed Term Conrad Abraham - Casual Types of contract Under section 4(1), it was not right for the general manager to change Lesters IEA to casual laborers without consulting with him. This is against good faith of employment relationship(Beardwell, 1994). Should the manager wish to change Lesters employment agreement, he should have consulted him and negotiate the bargain with him till they come to an agreement. Lester, in this case, is entitled to challenge his changeover to casual, however, he may not deem it necessary since his pay is still the same as in IEA. The general manager should know that Lester is not a casual laborer since he works 45 hours in a week and offers his services regularly. Contract employment agreement According to section 66, an employer and employee may agree to end employment at a specific date(Baudrillard, 1981). By hiring two more workers to assist in the completion of a contract, Steel Ltd. Has entered in a fixed-term employment. The completion of services to be offered also means the end of this contract between Steel Ltd and the two employees. Once the task is through and the worker still works for Steel Ltd, this will not be covered under Fixed Term Employment and they are required to enter into another contract in order to work for Steel legally. Probation clause and 90 day trial For an employee to be placed on probation, this must be captured in writing during employment. Section67(1) states that the employee should not be dismissed unlawfully and that they are dismissed at the end of probation period. The manager should not have dismissed Maddie before her probation period was over even though Maddies performance does not meet the expectations. However, section 67A states that an employer may dismiss an employee under the trial period for 90 days if the not satisfied with employees work, may dismiss them at any time during the trial period. This should be in writing(Abbott, 2006). 90 days trial The employment relation amendment act 2008, section 6 and 7 provide that an employee can specify a 90 day or less period within which the employer has rights to dismiss the employee due to lack of work satisfaction. Due to dismissal, the employee cannot challenge this decision and present his grievances to the employer unless specific exceptions like breastfeeding that comply to a superannuation fund. Should the manager decide to terminate Shirley Anderson, no legal action can be taken against him. This trial period should also be in written form, as an employee agreement, Section 67A Employment contract agreement EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT This employment contract dated 2 October 2017 Between Steel engineering limited (employer) And Justin Thyme (employee) Job title: design engineering Minimum work hours: 45 hours a week Background The employer believes that the employee has required skills and experience to benefit the business. The employee will commence permanent full-time employment with the employer on 2nd cot 2017. The employee agrees to dedicate his time and skills to the firm and perform his duties truthfully The employee shall receive an annual salary of 92000$ payable in monthly installments and is entitled to annual leave on top of the holidays as stated by the holiday act. He is also entitled to a car and a cellphone which he shall use for business purposes. He is entitled to the access of design information, which is sensitive information and must be handled with care. Expose of this information will lead to severe consequences. His duties are; inquire about (utilizing scientific demonstrating to work through new improvements and developments) configuration (transforming research thoughts into specialized plans for models utilizing PC helped outline (CAD) and PC helped designing (CAE) programming) testing (gathering and investigating information from model testing) adjusting outlines (in front of make or establishment) Under age employment agreement The employer should always have a record of all employees details, including payment. Details like employees name, age and employment date should be included(Abbott, 2006). The number of hours an employee works should determine the amount that they are pays. Section 130(1) requires every employer to comply and be open about employees payment. Good faith has been breached when the manager decided to pay Jayne little money for being a minor. The wages Act has also been breached. Starting Wage 12.60*45=567 Adult minimum wage 15.25*45=686.25 686.25-567=119.25 Banning of zero-hour contract Zero-hour contract is where an employer and employee enter into a contract that states that the employer is not obliged to have minimum working hours and the employee can refuse work offered. New Zealand parliament passed the bill that prohibits employers and employees from participating in zero hour contracts. The bill states that every employee should have a minimum working hour each week and workers can refuse extra hours(Baudrillard, 1981). New Zealands Wages act stipulates that the minimum wages for an adult should be 15.75$ per hour. If Enus wife picked 350 bins for over four weeks that means she picks 350/4=87.5 in one week. Her pay for one week was 87.5*5=437.5. The law states that at least in a week and adult should earn 5*126=630 This means she is earning less than the law states. Should a worker wok on holiday, the employer is required to pay them that days pay. The employee should be paid on a daily basis every day that he works during the holidays, Holidays Act 2003. Enus daily relevant pay is 192$ per day. If he decided to come during the holiday, he will be compensated 25$*8hr = 200$ This amount is more than what he earns on a daily basis. SEL should encourage Enu to work on holidays since it will benefit him. If Enu works on holiday without agreeing, he is entitled to an alternative holiday and SEL is obligated to pay him for working on that day. Enu also can exchange his alternative holiday with payment instead of going on a holiday. Employees duties and responsibilities Employees are granted a sick leave of 5 days which are paid sick leaves a year after working in a firm for at least 6 months. Sick leave accumulation can only add to a maximum of 20 days and an employer and employee must discuss this prior this period. Once Susie uses up her 5-day sick leave, with no evidence of sickness, the manager can dismiss her. James being a full-time worker should earn at least ((40*24) *4) *12=46080$ per annum. By receiving 52000$ per annum, that means his leave Bonus was also included while calculating his annual pay. Getting an extra 1920$ indicates he earns more than he rightfully should. Employees and workers should know their rights and responsibilities(Baudrillard, 1981). These terms and conditions should be applied in every workforce to ensure that jobs are done effectively and efficiently without the harassing of one party. Employers should treat employees as important because without them no jobs can be done. Once a collective agreement is due to roll over, unions and employers should decide on what actions to be undertaken. If they do not come to an agreement, various methods like meditation are utilized to ensure no conflicts arise. Both parties must agree to mediation services as provided in Section 144. They should be presented to authority to determine how both parties will share costs. Collective bargains also bind these two parties together. Conclusion Employees in new Zealand are covered by the Employees Relation Law (ERA). ERA covers everyone that offers services and is compensated as a result. However, independent contractors are not covered by ERA(Dessler, (1997)). The duties of an employee include; ensuring a safe work place, paying of workers, taking responsibilities of employees workers and not discriminating them while employees are required to obey the employers instructions, work effectively and efficiently(Clegg, 1975). This ensures that both employer and employee achieve goals set for the firm. References Abbott, K. (2006). A Review of Employment Relations Theories and their Application. Problems and Perspectives in Management (open, 4 (1). Baudrillard, J. (1981). For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign, Telos Press, St. Louis. Mo. Beardwell, I. . (1994). Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Perspective. London: Pitman. Blyton, P. . (1994). HRM: Debates, Dilemmas and Contradictions, in P. Blyton P. Turnbull (eds), Reassessing Human Resource Management. London: Sage. Boston, J. ((1996).). Public management: the New Zealand model. USA.: Oxford University Press,. Boud, D. . ((1999)). Understanding learning at work. Taylor Francis US. Bray, M. . (1998). Different Paths to Neo?Liberalism? Comparing Australia and New Zealand. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 358-387. Clegg, H. (1975). Pluralism and Industrial Relations. British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 13(no. 3), pp. 309-16. Dessler, G. ((1997)). Human Resource Management. Dunlop, J. (1958). Industrial Relations Systems. New York: Rhinehart Winston, . Fox, A. (1974). Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relationships, Faber and Faber. London. Gilbert, J. . (2000). Managing human resources in New Zealand small businesses. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55-68. Guthrie, J. P. ((2001)). High-involvement work practices, turnover, and productivity: Evidence from New Zealand. Academy of management Journal, , 44(1), 180-190. J, D. (1978). Writing and Difference. London. : Routledge and Kegan Paul, . Larner, W. (1998). Hitching a ride on the tiger's back: globalisation and spatial imaginaries in New Zealand. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 599-614. Macky, K. A. (2004). Organisational downsizing and redundancies: The New Zealand workers' experience. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 63. Mansell, A. B. (2006). Stable predictors of job satisfaction, psychological strain, and employee retention: An evaluation of organizational change within the New Zealand Customs Service. International Journal of Stress Management, 84. Parry, K. .-T. (2002). Leadership, culture and performance: The case of the New Zealand public sector. Journal of change management, 376-399. Rasmussen, E. . (2005). From collectivism to individualism in New Zealand employment relations. Reworking, 479. Rasmussen, E. L. (2004). Divergence in Part?Time work in new zealand, the netherlands and denmark. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 637-658. Rudman, R. ((2006)). New Zealand Employment Law Guide. Walton, S. . (2004). Redefining the boundaries? Making sense of career in contemporary New Zealand. Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 75-95.

How to Add WordPress Live Chat to Your Site (No Code Required!)

Searching for an easy way to add WordPress live chat functionality to your site? While there are plenty of quality live chat plugins, live chat is a bit tricky because, unlike most WordPress plugins, youre going to spend a ton of time in the plugins interface while chatting with customers.The upshot is that you need to pick a WordPress live chat solution thats not just easy to set up, but also gives you a solid set of tools to manage conversations with your customers. Otherwise, youre going to struggle to stay on top of all your different conversations.In this post, youre going to learn how to add live chat in WordPress without any fuss using a solution that lets you respond to your customers from:A web interfaceDesktop apps for Windows or MacMobile apps for iOS and AndroidIn order to get you that functionality, we chose to use a premium solution for that tutorial. But while it is a premium tool, you can get a 14-day free trial with no credit card required, so youll be able to follow this tutorial without spending a dime. here.Well also share a tutorial for a 100% free live chat tool at the end of this post, though its a bit more limited.How to add WordPress live chat functionality to your siteIn this section, well show you step-by-step how to WordPress live chat functionality to your site. Even if youre a non-technical user, you should have no problem following along. As we promised, you wont have to look at a single line of code to get this done!Step 1: Install the LiveChat plugin from WordPress.org LiveChat WP live chat plugin for WordPress Author(s): LiveChatCurrent Version: 3.8.2Last Updated: September 10, 2019wp-live-chat-software-for-wordpress.3.8.2.zip 96%Ratings 311,206Downloads WP 3.4+Requires To get started, install the LiveChat – WP live chat plugin for WordPress plugin from WordPress.org.If youre not sure how to install a WordPress plugin, check out this tutorial.Step 2: Create your free LiveChat accountOnce youve installed and acti vated the plugin, head to  the LiveChat service website, where you can create your account by entering a few simple details. Again, you get a 30-day free trial with no credit card required so you wont need to enter any payment information:In the next step, youll need to enter your website URL, as well as what you plan on using your WordPress live chat box for:Then, youll need to enter a little information about your company:And thats it!Step 3: Connect LiveChat plugin to your LiveChat accountNow, head back to the LiveChat area in your WordPress dashboard and click the option to Sign in with LiveChat:Youll see a prompt pop up click the Allow option:And thats it! You just added live chat to your WordPress site. Head to the front-end of your site and check it out:Step 4: Learn the LiveChat interfaceTo manage most aspects of your WordPress live chat functionality, youll use the LiveChat website interface. Theres a lot going on, but the tool gives you a pretty detailed welcome wizard that will take you through the most import aspects of the interface.While you might be tempted to skip it, we really recommend that you go through the setup wizard as it will point out a lot of important features.Just head the LiveChat website and sign in. Then, youll see a prompt to start the wizard:Step 5: Customize your live chat to match your siteOnce you finish out the welcome tutorial, you should be ready to start chatting away with your visitors. The only thing you still might want to do is customize how the live chat box looks on your site.To do that, youll also use the LiveChat website.First, access the Settings area by clicking on the Gear icon in the LiveChat interface. Then, you can use the Customization option under Chat window to:Pick a new chat box themeChange up colors to match your siteMove the chat box from the right to the leftDecide whether or not to display your logo or the live chat agents avatarEnable soundsYou might want to poke around the rest of the settin gs to see what all you can do.For example, the Engagement area lets you set up automatic greetings for your visitors. And the Chat settings area lets you change how the chat box looks for certain pages (or just completely disable it for certain pages).Step 6: Start Chatting!At this point, you should be ready to start chatting with your visitors. You can either use the web interface that you saw in the tutorial from Step 4. Or, you can consider using one of LiveChats mobile or desktop apps.If you want to continue using LiveChat after your 30-day free trial expires, the ongoing paid plans start at $16 per month. Youll get a 30% discount on your first payment  when you use this link, though.A free alternative to add live chat in WordPressLiveChat is great for its simplicity and the fact that it gives you so many tools to chat with your visitors, but we understand that you might be on a budget.If youre OK with only being able to chat with visitors from your WordPress dashboard, theres also a free plugin called WP Live Chat Support that can help you add live chat in WordPress. WP-Live Chat by 3CX Author(s): 3CXCurrent Version: 8.1.1Last Updated: October 17, 2019wp-live-chat-support.zip 94%Ratings 1,649,284Downloads WP 4.4+Requires Heres a rapid-fire tutorial on how to add WordPress live chat functionality with this plugin.First, youll obviously need to install and activate the plugin.Once you install and activate it, head to the new Live Chat area in your WordPress dashboard. To get started, just click the button to Skip intro and start accepting chats:And right away, your live chat will be active, which you can preview by going to the front-end of your site:How to chat with your visitorsTo chat with your visitors, you can go to the Live Chat tab in your WordPress dashboard:How to customize your chat boxTo customize how the chat box looks and functions, go to Live Chat → Settings in your WordPress dashboard:Here, youll get a number of tabs where yo u can configure:Chat box fieldsColors and other styling optionsThe message that appears when youre not available to chatEtc.Enjoy your WordPress live chatThat wraps up our guide on how to add live chat functionality to your WordPress site.If youre looking for the most flexible live chat system, LiveChat gives you a range of ways to interact with your visitors, as well as an easy setup process youll just need to pay after the 30-day free trial.On the other hand, if youre looking for a 100% free solution, WP Live Chat Support still offers a pretty easy setup process, its just not as flexible in the free version when it comes to how you can chat with visitors.Do you have any other questions about how to get started with live chat on your WordPress site? Let us know in the comments! Learn a simple way to add live chat functionality to your #WordPress #website

Views Comparison on the Problem of Climate Change

Views Comparison on the Problem of Climate Change Introduction Singer’s discussion dwells on the issue of climate change in detail whereby he underscored the fact it is a global problem that has to be addressed carefully. Because of the urge to strengthen the global economy, as well as local financial systems, developing countries are keen on establishing industries without necessarily following the regulations set out by the environmental regimes, such as the UNEP.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Views Comparison on the Problem of Climate Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rain patterns are unpredictable leading to losses among farmers. The ongoing drought in many parts of the world is attributable to the changes in climate. Several philosophers and theorists posit varying views on the current problem of climate change. In this article, utilitarianism, the views of Locke, and the principle of time slice would be compared, as far as climate change is concerned. Comparison Utilitarianism is a form of consequential ethics suggesting an action is determined whether it is right or wrong by looking at its effects. In other words, an action should guarantee happiness to the greatest number of people for it to be termed right. In this regard, climate change does not maximize the happiness meaning mitigation strategies must be formulated if society is to be guaranteed of happiness. The activities that are undertaken in various societies are harmful to the environment and this does not support human survival. Any action is assessed based on the pleasure it brings to people. If the act is good, chances are high that it would maximize happiness meaning it is the only intrinsic good that must be sought by each person. Under utilitarian ethics, there are no chances of pain, which suggest satisfaction is pleasure minus the total pain. The problems human beings face because of climate change suggest it entails one of the things that interfere with pleasure. Its effects are negative in three major ways, including increasing temperatures, facilitating unfavorable weather conditions, and lastly increasing the chances of disease contraction. Due to the high temperatures experienced in various parts of the world, the ice is likely to melt and the seas levels tend to rise at unprecedented rates. High sea levels are known to interfere with the normal lives of the poor locals because it sweeps away their homes rendering people refugees. The case of Tuvalu, which is a tiny island in the Pacific, serves as an example. Apart from this effect, high sea levels lead to droughts and heat waves that are likely to kill crops meaning individuals would go for days without food.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Continuous release of carbon compounds facilitates extreme weather conditions, including tornadoes and hurrican es, such as the sandy and Katrina, which have extreme consequences given the fact many people lose their lives and property whenever they happen. Human activities are to blame for the increased release of carbon dioxide, especially when people drive, heat, and consume electricity. According to utilitarianism, conditions that destroy life increases aggregate pain in the sense that the family is left agonizing and yearning for the love of the deceased. The agency charged with environmental protection conducted a study to establish the cost of human life. The findings revealed that a human being is estimated to cost at least $47314.50. Unfortunately, human beings cannot do without engaging in activities that pollute the environment since they bring satisfaction and pleasure. For instance, flying saves time and driving enables other people to access food and basic services. However, the total aggregate pain derived from emissions is above the aggregate pleasure meaning reduction of secr etion to zero is the only option if the issue of climate change is to be resolved. In fact, an emission of zero carbon footprints facilitates environmental conservation implying it maximizes total aggregate pleasure. In this case, carbon should be diluted through various existing methods to mitigate the challenge of climate change. On their part, scholars supporting the views of Locke suggest that all forms of regulations should be done away with if society is to achieve its desired interests. The existing environmental agencies tend to impede the chances of development in the sense that they urge people to focus on sustainable development meaning preserving resources for future use. In fact, the existence of the environmental conservation policies is a hindrance to the development of the financial system. Based on this, the state has to ensure people are provided with everything if they are to realize their objectives. In other words, the government has no role intervening in econo mic activities since its only role is to provide an enabling environment that facilitates individual fulfillment. The idea of freewill dominated the thinking of Locke meaning people have responsibilities while the government has the duty. The responsibility of each citizen is to take care of the surrounding since it only benefits him or her and not any other person. In this case, the use of the natural resources should be controlled since depletion would lead to human suffering.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Views Comparison on the Problem of Climate Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since individuals are highly appetitive, the government should come in only to ensure equal distribution, but not to control the usage meaning human beings should exploit what is available to achieve the interests. The environment is one of the things that could be owned privately in a moral away according to scholars supporting the views of Locke, which implies the state should never make a mistake of acquiring or owning it. Robert Nozick was the philosopher behind the formulation of the time slice principle. He formulated the theory of entitlement, which was based on the ideas of Rawls on social justice. In his analysis, he cautioned people against insisting on distribution of natural resources because they are never up for grabs the way an individual would receive manna from heaven. He opposed the views of Rawls that everything should be divided equally arguing that each object has an origin. In this case, an individual is simply entitled to what he or she obtained rightfully meaning the rights of another person should not be interfered with in the process. In this regard, the environment has to be protected together with everything it contains because it has an owner. Supported Idea The views of utilitarian scholars are valid since everything done in society should aim at maximizing happiness and reduc ing the chances of pain. If the environment were protected, chances are high all issues to do with climate change would be solved. Climate change has resulted in many problems ranging from deaths to contraction of serious diseases, such as malaria, which is known to kill many people globally. In this regard, it is upon the members of society to ensure they do something to protect the environment since it would go a long way to save lives. In this case, the aggregate for happiness would exceed the aggregate for pain. Since the consequences of climate change have long-term effects, all activities that cause it are negative and cannot be undertaken in favor of environmental conservation. For instance, driving brings pleasure, as it saves time and enables others to access services, but the carbon emissions are dangerous to human survival. Therefore, mitigation should be selected over undertaking human activities that facilitate economic development. Disputed Idea The views of scholars b asing their arguments on the thinking of Locke are invalid since they simply encourage people to destroy the environment to boost economic development. The effect of human activities on climate change is immense because it entails a matter of life and death.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There would be no need of pleasing the current generation and neglecting the demands of the future generation since it would affect the existence of the human race. Human beings should strive to conserve the environment because nature has the capability of destroying them if it is not well maintained. According to scholars supporting the views of Locke, the only focus should be on production and distribution of goods and services since it would facilitate development. This view is invalid because it is insensitive to the demands of the future. Conclusion The issue of climate change is the biggest challenge in the modern society since it has affected the way goods and services are distributed. For instance, the persistent drought in various parts is a result of climate change. Without developing strategies to conserve the environment, many people would be affected by hunger. Therefore, Singer’s ideas on climate change should be embraced to reduce human suffering.

America's Constitution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

America's Constitution - Assignment Example By taking this action, the plaintiff queried if it was really constitutional. Although it was done under the guidance of the Takings Clauses of the Fifth Amendment, it was challenged for not in a compliance with the public purpose. However, according to the Michigan Comp Laws clause 213.23, a county government has an authority to condemn a private property and use it for public purposes. Meaning, whenever a municipality decides to condemn a private property, it should be used for the activities which are meant for the common good such as the creation of employment opportunities to the citizens. So, like in this case, the municipality was constructing the park to help in generating numerous jobs to the people. This would be a good initiative that would help in reducing the high rate of unemployment within the municipality and helping the municipality to increase its revenues through taxation. As clearly spelled out in the article 10(2) of the Michigan Constitution, any constitutional condemnation should be justly done. Meaning, whenever the government seizes a private property, the owner must be fairly and justly compensated. A fair compensation simply refers to giving financial payments that correspond to the current and actual market value of the property as at the time of condemnation (Amar93). Therefore, while planning to build such a big park, the County of Wayne must be ready to compensate all the individual owners whose property has been condemned. After all, condemnation is a constitutional process that is permitted by the law if done for a public purpose.

Trade unions constitute formal channels employees in different Term Paper

Trade unions constitute formal channels employees in different societies find opportunity to engage their employers - Term Paper Example 1). In America, unions possess along history that in one way or the other can be compared to America’s independence history. Since the formation of first organized union in the early years of 1830, America’s unions have had rough journey, characterized by; struggle, setbacks, falls, and sometimes resistances. For about one and half century, unions in USA have played a great role in defining America’s work environment and how people live, although this role has to be viewed both within lenses of success and failure (Shmoop Editorial Team Para. 2). History of Unions in America Unions in 1700s and early 1800s The history of America’s labor unions is extensive and complex intertwined within the early history of America (American Federation of Government Employees-AFGE Para. 1). The history is first linked to arrival of Europeans on American soil in the early 15th century where the passion for the visitors was to search for economic opportunities. On arrival on the American land, Europeans found bountiful economic opportunities that were unavailable in their home countries and in order to perfectly exploit these opportunities, requests were made to home countries to supply them with craftsmen. Responding to the call of settlers, home countries sent many craftsmen and working people to America and as settlement became more permanent, these craftsmen and working people started to form primitive unions, popularly known as guilds, where majority members were carpenters and cordwainers, cabinet makers and cobblers (American Federation of Government Employees-AFGE Para. 1). The essence of these early primitive guilds centered on restricting competition among tradesmen and establishing and ensuring work standards among craftsmen guided the activities (Chaison p.1). Early unions were victims of multiple employers’ and legal control, restrain and manipulation. One characteristic of these early organizations of unions was that, they did not live long since their goals were largely short-lived like reactions to employers’ attempts to cut wages or reduce job skills. Further, early employers did not give early unions chance to stabilize and grow as they perceived the unions to be illegal conspiracies whose main agenda was just to raise wages far beyond the rates individual workers could accept (Chaison p.2). The notion of illegality of unions became prevalent during this moment especially with the ruling of Cordwainers Conspiracy cases, a situation that saw many unions become moribund and weak. What the ruling meant for many American organizations was that, no formal organization in terms of workers could be recognized in the legal spheres and therefore all activities of agitating for workers interests became illegal. Nevertheless, even with this ruling, the industry growth in many parts of America continued to be witnessed and this led to emergence of numerous challenges and problems for workers. The Period from 1 830-1870s The period saw America experience great transformation in terms of numerous reforms in both governance and industry organization. Working conditions in majority of industries was poor and wages were way below employee size of work. Legal battles began between employers and some informal unions, which despite the Conspiracy

The High Education and Economic Growth in China Essay

The High Education and Economic Growth in China - Essay Example Add to that the institutions operate can play major role in different contexts and also face certain challenges also. E.g. a university in China built in an urban area would look quite different than one built in a rural area Kolb, 2008, p. 92). There would also be difference in the modus operand. Here it needs to be mentioned that the higher education institutions include various vocational training colleges, technical colleges as well as informal institutions. In the context of the present study development has not been restricted to macroeconomic forces only. The improvement of human condition, quality of living, etc, has also been focused upon. The study has been conducted in order to analyze the major higher education transformation in China since 1999 and the impact of the transformation on the economy of the country. The commitment of the country to achieve continuous growth through major up gradation and production of new ideas has been reflected in the five year last and pre sent ongoing five year plan of the country (Burgemeister, 2003, p. 192). The educational transformation strategy mainly focuses on the commitments towards tertiary education to achieve significant changes in the overall style. The study discusses the amount of changes in the labour force China with reference to the supply of global labour as well as the type of profession. The number of graduate and under graduate students on the country has been growing since 1999 by almost 30% each and every year. Most of the spending made by the government is focused upon the new academic projects and the premier universities to extract the best talents possible. China has also been trying to upgrade the skills and the quality or production by increasing the higher educational reserve inputs.... This paper approves that during the focus group discussion the respondents felt that there is very little doubt over the fact that the educational expansion in China has played a major role in the economic growth of the country. But in between that the country has to face some steep challenges due to the growth of education. This paper makes a conclusion that the education reform in China, which was initiated in the late 70’s, has made vast contributions to the overall economic growth the country. The investments made by the country to develop and promote human capital have helped the country to improve the lifestyle in the urban and rural regions and narrow the gap both economically and socially in the regions. The focus of the government is not just on quantity but on quality as the institutions are focusing on the meeting international standards. However, the educational expansion has created income inequality and increased the rate of unemployment. However, the entry of China in WTO has encouraged investments by several major firms in the country. This has created job opportunities. The experts feel that the government has to focus on the bottom of the pyramid in order to ensure uniform distribution of educational expansion however it is being felt that based on the current success and initiat ives taken by the government that educational reforms would continue to play a major role in the economic reforms and China would continue to emerge as one of the most emerging economies in the world.

Hydrogenating ability of Wilkinsons catalyst

Hydrogenating ability of Wilkinsons catalyst Wilkinsons catalyst was prepared from rhodium (III) chloride and refluxed in ethanol with triphenylphosphine, with a measured yield of 72.7%. The efficacy and regioselectivity of Wilkinsons catalyst was then assessed by reaction with carvone in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas at 1 atm, and the product was analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Introduction Tris-(Triphenylphophine)chloro rhodium(I) was discovered and first profiled by Wilkinson et al in 1965, and noted for its ability to selectively hydrogenate terminal alkenes to alkanes[1]. It was only with the further publishing in 1968 that Wilkinsons catalyst was thoroughly characterised.[2] It was the first homogenous catalyst with the ability to perform this function at a rate similar to that of heterogenous catalysts, without having to resort to high pressures or temperatures in the process. Wilkinsons catalyst is unusual in its ability to easily form a dihydride, despite it being a diphosphine, since these compounds are often either short-lived or difficult to detect.[3] In the above diagram, Wilkinsons catalyst (1) undergoes ligand substitution with a solvent molecule to create the active form of Wilkinsons catalyst (2)[4]. Hydrogen is then attached via oxidative addition (3)4, oxidising Rhodium from +1 to +3 oxidation state and resulting in a change of colour from red to yellow[5]. The prepared catalyst is then injected into the mixture, at which point it complexes with the rhodium centre via the pi bond (4)[6]. The solvent then leaves the complex (5). H migrates to the alkene first due to proximity, with H migrating second[7]. A solvent molecule takes the place of the leaving alkane, converting the catalyst back to its active form (7). The pi bond formed between the alkene and the Rhodium is characterised by back-donation from a d-orbital overlap with the ?* anti-bonding orbital. This back donation, coupled with donation from the ? bond on the alkene results in the ? bond being much weaker and more susceptible to being broken than uncoordinated ethene. 13C-NMR has shown that bonds formed between the a rhodium centre and other alkene complexes bond show significant s-character, typified by downfield shift, or in other words, lack of electron density surrounding them compared to typical alkene spectrum[9]. This lack of electron density makes the carbon atoms very attractive targets for the hydride ligands attached to the Rhodium to migrate to. It is this ability to remove electron density from the alkene ? orbital, while simultaneously back-donating density to the ?* that makes Wilkinsons catalyst so effective. Wilkinsons catalyst cannot hydrogenate areas of conjugation, so theoretically only bond (3) should be hydrogenated in the presence of hydrogen and Wilkinsons catalyst[10]. This experiment will assess the selectivity of the hydrogenating abilities of Wilkinsons catalyst, and its regioselectivity and chemoselectivity in regards to a molecule with several areas capable of hydrogenation. The products in this experiment will be analysed using 1H-NMR data. Experimental Preparation of catalyst Triphenylphosphine (0.52g, 1.98mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (20ml). RhCl3.3H2O (0.08g, 0.3mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (4ml). Both solutions were degassed with nitrogen. The rhodium solution was then added to the PPh3 solution and this was refluxed in a nitrogen atmosphere for 90 minutes. After cooling, the remaining solution and precipitate were removed and filtered via sinter funnel filtration. The yield for the Wilkinson catalyst was determined (0.180g, 0.218mmol, 72.7%). Hydrogenation of carvone Under a pressure of one atmosphere of hydrogen, a flask was injected with the previously prepared catalyst. Carvone (0.5g, 3.33mmol), in a solution of toluene (2ml) was then added to this flask. Consumption of hydrogen, measured using syringes, was recorded at 46cm3, (2.05mmol) representing a 61.6% yield of the hydrogenated carvone product. Results Colour changes Rhodium (III) chloride powder is a black powder. As reflux progressed and the Wilkinsons catalyst was produced, the solution went slowly from black to a brown-red suspension. This is illustrated in figure 4. Hudson et al have also reported an unknown brown precipitate, which appeared to exhibit similar catalytic properties[11]. Wilkinson et al also reported orange precipitate with identical chemical properties[12]. Yields and Errors A total of 0.180g of Wilkinsons catalyst was produced in the experiment, a 72.7% yield, which compares favourably with other studies indicating yields of between 60[13]-88[14]%. 46cm3 of hydrogen gas was absorbed in the process of the experiment, representing a total absorbance of 2.05mmol of hydrogen gas. In passing gas through the solution, it turned yellow, which is consistent with other experimental observations[15] [16]. Considerable agitation of the solution was required so as to allow adequate complexation of the hydrogen gas. Assuming the entirety of this gas hydrogenated the terminal olefin group in carvone; this represents a 61.6% yield of hydrogenation. However, it is entirely likely that a higher yield would have been obtained had the experiment continued for a longer period of time. The yield of hydrogen gas may also be misleading since it is difficult to completely hermetically seal all the apparatus, and it is also difficult to estimate the extent to which gas may have escaped from the reaction vessel. Products obtained from hydrogenation Carvone has several sites available for hydrogenation/reduction. However, RhCl(PPh3)3 will only selectively hydrogenate terminal alkenes, as described by Wilkinson et al. This hypothesis is supported by 1H-NMR data[17] of carvone and the product of hydrogenation. There is no change at peaks 6.69ppm, indicating that this protons environment was not affected by the hydrogenation. The slight downfield shift of the protons of signal between 2.2-2.7ppm to an area between 1.9-2.5ppm indicates that there is less electron density surrounding these protons. These signals were assigned to groups near to the hydrogenated bond, and so this is fairly conclusive evidence that the terminal bond was hydrogenated. The minor signal at 4.72 and 4.75ppm indicate a slight contamination of the sample with carvone. Conclusion The yield obtained by the method followed to synthesize Wilkinsons catalyst afforded values similar to that given in literature. The experiment clearly demonstrated by 1H-NMR data that Wilkinsons catalyst efficiently hydrogenates terminal alkene bonds selectively. A more quantitative study could be performed, wherein systems containing non-conjugated alkene systems were tested for hydrogenation. This would allow more stringent analysis and more precise definition of the hydrogenation abilities of Wilkinsons catalyst. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my demonstrators Mr Adam Bunt and Mr Li-Chen Han for their valuable advice and discussion during the experiment. References J.A.Osborn, G.Wilkinson, J.F.Young, Chem. Comm., 1965, 17 S. Montelatici, A. van der Ent, J. A. Osborn, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc A, 1968, 1054-1058 Illya D. Dridnev, T. Imamoto, Chem. Commun., 2009, 7447-7464 T. N. Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books (2006), pp.503 S. Montelatici, A. van der Ent, J. A. Osborn, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc A, 1968, 1054-1058 P.S. Kalsi, Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism 6th Edition, New Age International (2005), pp.449 M. Carvalho, L. F. Wieserman, D. M. Hercules, App. Spec., Vol. 6, Iss. 3, pp. 290-296 P. Atkins, T. Overton, J Rourke, M. Weller, F. Armstrong, Shriver and Atkins Inorganic Chemistry 8th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp.536 W. von Phillipsborn, Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 513-528 J. A. Osborn, F. H. Jardine, J. F. Young, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc. A, 1966, 1711-1732 B. Hudson, P. C. Taylor, D. E. Webster, P. B. Wells, Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1968, 46, 37-47 S. Montelatici, A. van der Ent, J. A. Osborn, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc A, 1968, 1054-1058 B. Hudson, P. C. Taylor, D. E. Webster, P. B. Wells, Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1968, 46, 37-47 S. Montelatici, A. van der Ent, J. A. Osborn, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc A, 1968, 1054-1058 S. Montelatici, A. van der Ent, J. A. Osborn, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc A, 1968, 1054-1058 J. A. Osborn, F. H. Jardine, J. F. Young, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc. A, 1966, 1711-1732 1H-NMR spectrum data taken from http://dlm.chm.bris.ac.uk/dlm2009-10/file.php/28/resources/Wilkinson_NMR.pdf

The Beneficiality of Computer :: Essays Papers

The Beneficiality of Computer The Computer The Most Beneficial Invention Over the Last 200 Years From the beginning of our country over 200 years ago until the present time I feel that the most beneficial invention to mankind has been the computer. The computer is beneficial in many different aspects of life such as: education, business, health, and communications. Computers are very beneficial to education in our world today. Computer classes are taught in every school in the United States. They help children get ready for the fast paced world of technology. If you don’t know how to use a computer these days there is a good chance that you will not be able to find a job. The Internet is a great way to access information for research or for general enlightenment. There are also programs such as cd-rom encyclopedias, dictionaries, and novels. There are also programs to help students with math, English, science, or any other school subject you can think of. These days you can even get a master’s degree from an accredited university online. Those are some ways computers are beneficial to education. In this day in age computers are very beneficial in the business world. Without computers many businesses would not be able to function. Businesses rely on computers to keep records, store data, make complex mathematical calculations, and run sophisticated machinery. Computers also provide new business and employment possibilities. They are good for the economy and create many jobs. Through the Internet computers allow companies to do business overseas without having to go by ship or airplane. Those are just some of the many ways computers are beneficial to the business world. In our modern world computers are also very useful to the healthcare industry. Computers help in the research, and manufacture of new drugs and treatments. They run the machines that analyze chemical compounds used in the development of new medicines. Computers are also used in healthcare in hands on applications. They run machines that keep people alive such as heart monitors, respirators, dialysis machines, and prenatal care units. Without computers in the healthcare industry a lot less people would survive their illnesses or accidents. Communication is also an area in which computers have made a profound influence. Computers, with the use of the Internet, can reach people all over the globe free of cost in just a matter of seconds with the use of e-mail.

Human Relations and Communications: Theories Present in Education Today Essay

Human relations, interactions and communication are the foundation of educational leadership. As with most businesses, the need for strong leadership and communication is more important than ever, especially because of the growing accountability of schools and school systems. In order to work well within the organizational environment of a school, superintendents, coaches, teachers, parents, community members and students must be able to communicate in a variety of effective modalities (Razik & Swanson, 2010). Behind these modalities are human relationship concepts and communication theories that help leaders to make decisions based on research that can help improve their organizational communications systems. Over time, the theories have developed and the ways of effective communication have changed along with the technology that promotes them. There are many communication and human relations theories that can still be applied today given the effective and efficient ways that educational leaders can now communicate. Hill: Interactional Conventional Theory and Modern Forms of Communication A theory on communication that looks at how society continues communication or may even change the ability to communicate is the Interactional Conventional Theory (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 132). Society continuously evolves throughout history. With these changes the ability to communicate also has to change. Over the last twenty years technology has redefined our idea of how to communicate. As students become more comfortable with chatting, texting and other new forms of communication this has lead teaching to evolve its forms of communication as well. If communication is based on cultural norms then as technology changes the norms of society so must the ability to communicate (Razik & Swanson, 2010, pp. 132-133). New forms of communication are created all the time. Technology has enhanced communication from the traditional face to face or group conversations to e-mail and social media. Written letters as communication have transformed into instantaneous e-mail communication, which can be received at a moments notice from a smartphone. One of the most widely used forms of communication for college and high school students is social media like Facebook (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 1). Educational leaders have accesses to technology of e-mail and social media, which make communication more accessible than ever before. One of the modern challenges of educators is how to use technology like Facebook as an  educational tool (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 1). Educational sites have emulated the flexibility of sites like Facebook in order to make learning and educational communication more accessible for students (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 1). Educational cites such as Edmodo and Web 2.0 can be used to further student education in an off campus capacity (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 2). These sites also provide opportunity for students to communicate with teachers during non-school hours where they can ask questions about homework or that day’s lesson. This is no different from the traditional face-to-face contact or calling by telephone (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 2). A study done on twenty college students showed that they preferred to use text based communic ation to face-to-face communication (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 6). Just as how students use text-based communication for recreational communication they also feel more comfortable with this form of communication with educators. A useful educational tool used by teachers is the Edmodo website. This site is designed to have the same make up as Facebook but it allows teachers and student to communicate about educational topics. Teachers can create groups for students to join where communication can take place at their convenience (Harper, 2010, p. 19). From these groups students can post responses to questions posted by the teacher. Edmodo also allows students access to lessons that they may have missed from being out of school (Harper, 2010, p. 20). The site reinforces educational skills of writing, which students have to do in by posting responses, and having them use higher order thinking skills to develop personal responses (Harper, 2010, p. 21). Edmodo is also a great way to assign paperless homework for students. Kristianson: McClelland’s Social Motives and Intrapersonal Relationship Theories One of the prominent human relation theories that are still evident in schools today is the McClelland Social Motives theory. McClelland noted that there are three main social motives that exist within organizations: power, achievement, and affiliation. â€Å"Achievement refers to the desire for people compete against a standard of excellence† (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 112). This is clearly evident within most school sites, because successful educational leaders have the natural desire to achieve and set goals, visions, and missions for their district or school. There is always a bar set and leaders are motivated to reach that percentage of student mastery. At Granada Primary  School, in Phoenix, Arizona, there is a sign posted on every single door: A- 152. Our leaders expect that we will â€Å"Build a Legacy† and continue to achieve â€Å"A† status with 152 overall points needed to maintain that goal, an increase of nine points from the previous year. This is an excellent example of an achievement goal. The leaders at our school use their positional and personal power to influence others, as outlined by McClelland as a power motives for leaders. Lastly, the affiliation motive is also quite evident. The need for affiliation, or a need for positive relationships within an organization, is one of the most evident theories. Leaders, teachers, students, and community members all desire positive relationships, and that puts leaders in power by building positive relationships. Those that have positive relationships tend to have bet ter communication, and as a result, better job performance (Razik & Swanson, 2010). In addition, interpersonal relationship theories are highly evident within this school site. Positive interpersonal relationships are key for building a climate of trust in which a principal must be consistent with their words and actions (Green, 2013, p. 142). When this occurs, stakeholders will begin to approach the leader and communicate directly. This is evident in many principals â€Å"open door policy† in which staff members can come freely, without fear of superiority or negativity, but a reciprocal relationship. This is not limited to the relationship between teachers and leaders at a successful school site, but all stakeholders. It is evident that those who maintain positive interpersonal relationships with everyone around them have more success in the classroom. This past year, a teacher that responded negatively to lack of student achievement was reciprocated in the students’ abilities and motivation to perform for that teacher. Conversely, the teachers that responded positively to the same situation had more student growth. This is seen in Fig.2 of Weiner’s interpersonal relationship theories and motivation of both parties involved in said communications (Weiner, 2000, p.8). The beliefs about the responsibility of other stakeholders, and their subsequent reactions, are very similar as seen in Granada Primary’s school achievement data for the 2012-2013 school year. This is important in leadership because the same attitude can be applied for principals and their staff. McAdams: Cognitive Dissonance Theory, Social  Exchange Theory, and Theory â€Å"Y† Communication and human relation theories are very important in the success and operation of a school. At the school where I work communication is foggy most of the time with people playing the guessing game. The administrator (principal) constantly says one thing and does another. This is the Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Lamourex, 1996). This theory makes for a chaotic environment. He also says he is going to ensure that the school dress code is adhered to by the teachers but his actions allow the dress code to be violated without consequences. He is so indecisive that people don’t know whether to take him seriously or not. In the midst of a meeting, he will change what he beliefs to match other actions. He also seeks reassurance from others after making a difficult decision. He often feels that more seasoned people have more to offer than he does so he looks at them for approval. If he were confident in his ability to lead he would not waver so much. This makes him an ineffective leader. Presently, the Social Exchange Theory is also used. This theory requires the leader to compare benefits and costs of actions. This is beneficial because it forces us to think things through carefully before acting on anything. It also helps to ensure we use instruction al time wisely in order to make the most of our teaching abilities. Time on task is stressed at our school. When we have staff meetings the administrators are constantly tell us to put in the time it will take to produce the outcome we desire. Teachers work extra hours (before and after school) to make sure students have the extra intervention needed to pass the Standards of Learning (SOL) tests. Along with Communication Theories there are Human Relation Theories present within the school system. Administration has the belief that staff will do the job they are supposed to do. This causes them not to micromanage us. This is an example of Theory â€Å"Y† of the human relations Theories. They believe â€Å"Individuals will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which they are (Green, 2013).† This allows the teachers to feel free to be creative and do what’s best for the students. Operating under the â€Å"Y† theory puts my administrator under the facilitator of information category. He allows the staff to accomplish the tasks as they see fit as long as it is productive and in the best interest of the students. This theory is a demonstration of Standard 2, which states: â€Å"An education leader promotes the success of every student by  advocating, nurturing, and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conducive to student learning and staff professional growth (Green, 2013).† McClary: Organizational and Pygmalion Leadership Theories At William J. Clark Middle School organizational theory is used. They do a lot of individual and group interaction with the ultimate goal of every student can learn and be successful in mind. â€Å"A focal interest of organization theory must be inevitably be the understanding of how to organize people and resources in order to collectively accomplish desired ends† (Greenwood, 2010, 78). Within the school several meetings occur weekly. Every Tuesday is team and faculty/departmental meetings. The administration uses the team leaders and department chairs to relay messages to other faculty members. Furthermore, the administrators will sit in on the meetings if there is something they would prefer to personally state on their own or to monitor to make sure that these meetings are being conducted. Tuesday Academy meetings are the whole school meetings that are conducted by the administrators. Then, they have grade level content are meetings on Wednesdays and grade level content area data meetings on Thursdays. The administrators are involved in these meetings on a weekly basis. They often sit and participate to make sure they are communicating in an effort to effectively plan for the students. They participate in these meetings as well by providing suggestions, materials, and resources that will allow them to possibly reach every to increase student success. In every meeting, you have no choice but to communicate and get the job done. Emails are used to communicate frequently communicate. Also, monthly calendars are printed with important dates on them as a reminder. The school uses different aspects of mass communication to reach the people within the school and the public. The school has various school meetings and events that allows the public to be involved such as the â€Å"Back to School Bash†, Open House, Parent-Teacher Conference Day, Parent/Academic Nights, Honors and Awards Banquets, PTA, Athletic Banquets, Winter and Spring Musicals, and etc. However, in order to inform the school and the public about what is happening at the school they use various means of communication. They send out emails. The school’s website is used to display information. Memo letters are sometimes sent home but not as often in an effort to save paper. Information is displayed on the school’s bulletin board. Also, Parentlink is used. The purpose of Parentlink is to inform parents through telephone. This is a great tool for those people who are not tech savvy, don’t have access to a computer or the Internet. You can set Parentlink to call all numbers that are stored in the database and the receiver will hear an automated or recorded message informing them about something pertaining to the school. The good thing about this source is that it lets you know who received the message, if it went to voicemail, or if the number was not a working number, therefore, it needs to be updated in the system. The Pygmalion leadership theory is frequently used at William J. Clark Middle School. Weekly the administrator is required to perform a minimum of 10 observations. Therefore, that means they are always in the classrooms monitoring instruction. These frequent observations allow the administrator to see strengths and weaknesses in a person. It allows them to see if there is any room for growth. After every observation is done the administrator provides immediate feedback. An individual meeting with each person is scheduled. In these meetings positive feedback is given and negative feedback if necessary. If weaknesses are observed the administrator provides suggestions, resources, and materials for them to improve. The administrators provide themselves as a resource as well. The administrator will model for them what she expects to be done in the classroom from start to finish. She will send them to different teachers to observe. Also, a Support Institutes for Teachers (SIT) is implemented at the school to serve as a lifeline for new and struggling teachers. Rogers: Miles’ Resource Model, Likert’s Supportive Model, and Theory â€Å"X† Saltonstall viewed human relations as the study of people in action. (Razik, & Swanson, 2010, p. 105) Davis explained the term by referring to the interaction of people in all types of endeavor- in business, government, soc ial clubs, schools, and homes. (Razik, & Swanson, 2010, p. 105) Although human relationships have existed since the beginning of time, the art and science of trying to deal with them formally in the work setting is relatively new. (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 103) It is important to note the different human relation theories and how they are displayed in schools in order to better understand human relations and communication. Miles’s human resource model assumes that work is not inherently distasteful and that people want to contribute to a  meaningful goal. (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 104) At Plymouth high school, this theory is displayed by teachers’ willingness to go the extra mile for students to achieve the goal of improving test scores. Many teachers say they are not in education to become a millionaire. They teach because they want to make a difference. Sure we have teachers that dislike the current state of education, but for the most part teachers focus on achieving the goal of educating the youth of tomorrow. Likert’s supportive model emphasized the more the members of an organization feel supported, the more they will feel a sense of personal worth and importance in all their interactions and relationships with the organization. (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 104) The new administrator displays this theory at Plymouth high school. She is very conscious of her efforts of making sure everyone feel valued and supported. She has an open door policy. Teachers can talk to her about their concerns without being afraid of any consequences. She makes sure the teachers concerns are addressed in a timely manner. During staff meetings, she praises teachers for various accomplishments. She has encouraged teacher’s collaboration. She has even gone as far as allowing teachers to recreate the vision of the school. The new administrator has changed the culture of the school. Teachers are now taking ownership in the school and in the process of achieving its goals. The support that was generated from the principal has now improved the interaction of colleagues throughout the building. Theory X assumes that average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 106) Most people that are like this must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth effort to achieve objectives. At Plymouth high school, we are struggling with test scores in the CTE department. Many of the students do not take the class seriously. The teacher has become complacent, and avoids working hard at all cost. He allows the students to control the classroom. The principal walked in on his class watching a movie that did not have any relation to his CTE course. Administration had no choice to put him on an action plan. The action plan spelled out what it would take in order for him to keep his job. He responded by completing the entire list of task on the action plan. He  actually planned meaningful lessons. The students are actually learning. It took the threat of him losing his job to get him to actually begin putting forth maximal effort. In conclusion, a variety of human relations and communication models must be implemented at school sites to have an effective, efficient organization. Modern communications play a large role in the implementation of these theories. Many different modalities of communication must be used. Face to face interactions need to remain interpersonal and motivated. Leadership must carefully weigh the benefits and costs of different conversations in order to communicate more directly and positively. Communication must be backed through careful observation and proactive, frequent feedback. Barriers to effective communication must be broken down at all costs to the well being of the school site. When these theories are combined, it is evident that schools are progressing towards new and exciting achievements that will continuously improve education. References: Eden, D. (1988). Pygmalion, goal setting, and expectancy: Compatible ways to boost productivity. Academy Of Management Review, 13(4), 639-652. doi:10.5465/AMR.1988.4307530 Green, R. L., (2013). Practicing the Art of Leadership: A Problem-Based Approach to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, Fourth Ed. Boston: MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Greenwood, R., & Miller, D. (2010). Tackling design anew: Getting back to the heart of organizational theory. Academy Of Management Perspectives, 24(4), 78-88. doi:10.5465/AMP.2010.55206386 Harper, A. L. (2010). Social Networking with Edmodo: Let your digital footsteps lead the way. Kentucky English Bulletin, 59 (2), 19-21. Lamoureux, E.R. (1996). An experiential approach to teaching communication theories: Incorporating contemporary media to clarify theoretical concepts. Razik, T. A. & Swanson, A. D. (2010). Fundamental Concepts of Educational Leadership and Management, Third Ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. VanDoorn, G. & Eklund, A. (2013). Face to Face book: Social media and the learning and teaching potential of symmetrical, synchronous communication. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 10 (1), 1-2. Weiner, B. (2000). Intrapersonal and interpersonal theories of motivation from an attributional perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 12(1), 1-14.